The gross morphology of the stomach of the Malaysian lesser mousedeer (Tragulus javanicus)

The gross morphology of the stomach of the lesser mouse deer is described. Characteristically, the rumen is S-shaped spirally twisted and has large ventral and caudoventral sacs. The omasum is vestigeal and is represented by an area of about (2-3 cm'). Reticulo rumen volume is largPr than for ox and sheep

Dentition of the Malaysian Lesser Mouse-deer (Tragulus javanicus)

The dentition of twenty five lesser mouse-deer (Tragulus javanicus) is described. Comparisons with the dentition of the ox and the goat showed very few differences in the molars among these species. However, the incisors and the premolars showed many differences. The premolars of the lesser mouse-deer are more suited for piercing and chopping food rather than for chewing

Rejection of divalent ions in commercial tubular membranes: Effect of feed concentration and anion type

Four commercial tubular membranes (AFC80, AFC30, PU608, and ES404) have been investigated in this study for their performance of binary metal ions rejection under different feed conditions. A range of salts (tin chloride, tin sulphate, calcium chloride, calcium sulphate) with divalent cations were chosen to assess the effects of different anions (chloride and sulphate) on performance of the membranes. All membranes were tested by varying the feed concentration (2500, 5000, 10,000 mg L−1) at fixed cross flow velocity of 1.5 LPM and feed pressure 1400 kPa. Observed retention (Robs%) and permeate flux (Jv) were key parameters to evaluate the performance of studied tubular membranes. It was found that increase in concentration adversely affected the both evaluation parameters, i.e., permeate flux and rejection. Nevertheless, nanofiltration type tubular membranes (AFC80 and AFC30) showed higher rejection than their counterparts, i.e., ultrafiltration type tubular membranes (ES404, PU608) for all investigated salts. Maximum observed rejection for all salts was noted for AFC80 for all salts followed by AFC30, ES404 and PU608 tubular membranes. Furthermore, it is reveal that anion types (SO42−, Cl−) of these salts played a vital role in retention of these tubular membranes when the salts with same cations were used as feed solution

Rejection of divalent ions in commercial tubular membranes: Effect of feed concentration and anion type

Four commercial tubular membranes (AFC80, AFC30, PU608, and ES404) have been investigated in this study for their performance of binary metal ions rejection under different feed conditions. A range of salts (tin chloride, tin sulphate, calcium chloride, calcium sulphate) with divalent cations were chosen to assess the effects of different anions (chloride and sulphate) on performance of the membranes. All membranes were tested by varying the feed concentration (2500, 5000, 10,000 mg L−1) at fixed cross flow velocity of 1.5 LPM and feed pressure 1400 kPa. Observed retention (Robs%) and permeate flux (Jv) were key parameters to evaluate the performance of studied tubular membranes. It was found that increase in concentration adversely affected the both evaluation parameters, i.e., permeate flux and rejection. Nevertheless, nanofiltration type tubular membranes (AFC80 and AFC30) showed higher rejection than their counterparts, i.e., ultrafiltration type tubular membranes (ES404, PU608) for all investigated salts. Maximum observed rejection for all salts was noted for AFC80 for all salts followed by AFC30, ES404 and PU608 tubular membranes. Furthermore, it is reveal that anion types (SO42−, Cl−) of these salts played a vital role in retention of these tubular membranes when the salts with same cations were used as feed solution

Organisation et fonctionnement d’un écosystème côtier du Maroc : la lagune de Khnifiss

La lagune de Khnifiss, située au sud du Maroc, est une réserve biologique d’intérêt mondial pour l’avifaune. Des études pluridisciplinaires portant sur la physico-chimie des eaux, la biologie, la sédimentologie et les courants ont été réalisées par l’INRH dans la lagune en septembre 1998 et février 2001. Les résultats du courant obtenus montrent que la circulation des eaux à l’intérieur de la lagune est gérée par un courant alternatif et bidirectionnel : les courants du jusant sont plus importants que ceux du flot et varient également en fonction du rythme de la marée vive-eau/morte-eau. Ce mode de circulation des eaux attribue à la lagune une richesse en éléments azotés et phosphatés, surtout en période de vive-eau. La biomasse chlorophyllienne, assez importante dans la lagune, est causée par la richesse du milieu en éléments nutritifs et le phénomène d’upwelling qui se manifeste en été et au printemps dans la zone sud du Maroc. Ces études ont montré que la lagune de Khnifiss est un milieu propice à la conchyliculture. Néanmoins, l’installation de tout projet aquacole dans le site devra tenir compte de sa capacité trophique et de son équilibre écologique.The Moroccan coastal marine area has several zones that are targets for exploitation but must simultaneously be protected. Lagoons are considered to be among the most productive natural systems in the world, but they are also vulnerable systems due to natural and human constraints. Lagoons can also be a target of economic expansion. This is why an understanding about the state of these ecosystems is important in order to proceed with rational use of the resource. The Khnifiss lagoon, situated on the South Atlantic coast of Morocco, is a potential site for aquaculture and tourism if planned with an ecological awareness. The large surface area and high biological production for the avifauna qualify it to be among the four protected sites by the RAMSAR convention for humid zone conservation (lagoons of Khnifiss and Moulay Bousselham, lakes of Sidi Boughaba and Afennourir). The objective of this work was to complete previous studies and to estimate the nutritive richness of the Khnifiss lagoon. To understand the spatio-temporal variability in the water currents, and the physico-chemical and biological and characteristics of this lagoon, two surveys were organized in September 1998 and February 2001.The Khnifiss lagoon (20 km long and 65 km2 surface area) is situated between Tantan and Tarfaya (28°02'54'' N, 12°13'66'' W). It opens up into the Atlantic ocean by a narrow inlet called ''Foum Agouitir'', about 100 m wide. The lagoon continues upstream beyond a salt marsh, called "Sebkha Tazra". Physical, chemical and biological variables were monitored: temperature and salinity; dissolved oxygen, nitrates and phosphates; chlorophyll a. The current (direction and intensity) and the sediment were also studied. Samples were collected four times from the surface and bottom waters during spring tide (ST), neap tide (NT), low tide (LT) and high tide (HT) during two seasons (September 1998 and February 2001). Seven hydrological stations were sampled, representing the lagoon system and one reference station in a neighbouring zone (Hréf), which represents the marine zone of the lagoon. Temperature and salinity were measured with a multi-sensor probe. The chemical analyses were carried out according to methods suggested by AMINOT & CHAUSSEPIED (1983). Thirty (30) sediment samples were also collected. Currents were measured at two fixed points by two current-meters.Based on the hydrological characteristics of the lagoon, especially temperature, salinity, water circulation and the nature of sediment, three zones were identified :1. Zone I (downstream from the lagoon) was dominated by the ocean’s influence and included the Hréf, H1 and H2 stations. Maximum depths varied from 2.5 to 6.6 m, depending on the tide and location. The concentrations of the different hydrological parameters were controlled by the plug effect of the oceanic environment. The most important current in the lagoon was recorded in this zone in the spring tide (ST: 110 cm.s-1). The sediment was coarse and important water - sediment exchange was caused by the strong current recorded in this zone.2. Zone II (middle of the lagoon) was a transition zone with an intermediate oceanic influence. It was situated between the H3 and H5 stations. The size of the inlet and the important exchanges governed by currents caused by strong tides resulted in concentrations of the various parameters being similar to those in Zone I. Depths varied from 2.64 to 8.7 m. Waters were more saline during the LT and NT periods (36-41 practical salinity unit, or psu). The current decreased relative to that is zone I (56 cm.s-1 in September 1998 and 78 cm.s-1 in February 2001). In this zone the current moved preferentially towards the right strand at high tide and toward the left strand at low tide.3. Zone III (upstream in the lagoon) covered a different biotope compared to the first two zones. The waters were less deep (2.64 to 5.3 m) and included the stations H6, H7 and the upper part of the lagoon. This zone was characterized by a very low oceanic influence. Water temperature and salinity were higher, 24-26°C and 41-44 psu respectively, during the LT and NT periods.On the basis of the hydrological zonation, the conjunction of the climate descriptors (moderate wind, rare precipitation, absence of storms, moderate air temperature) of the lagoon and the strong hydrodynamic influence in the lagoon suggest that the Knifiss lagoon is a relatively unconfined ecosystem. The hydrodynamics of this lagoon permit a fast water renewal rate and insure a good environmental quality. In addition, studies carried out on the healthiness of this lagoon demonstrated not only a healthy environment, but also healthy shellfish. This diagnosis seemed to be related to the geographical location and important rates of water exchange. However, the absence of continental freshwater sources leads to an important increase in salinity and temperature at the level of the upstream zone (zone III). Zone III therefore cannot be considered for shellfish breeding.On the basis of the biological zones: With respect to the bathymetry of the lagoon (depths varied from 2.5 to 8.7 m), shellfish, in contrast to fish, require less water depth. Therefore, it is sufficient to search for a less turbulent zone, which offers sufficient planktonic food for the shellfish growth. In the Khnifiss lagoon, the taxonomy of the phytoplankton has not been yet studied. However, BENNOUNA (1999) demonstrated that the phytoplankton community was dominated by dinoflagellates and diatoms in the Oualidia and Sidi Moussa lagoons. RHARBI (2000) found that picophytoplankton were the principal breeding food source of oysters and clams in Oualidia lagoon. The source of shellfish for breeding is located in the neighbouring upwelling marine waters. Development projects planned for the lagoon must include an awareness programme for fishermen about the role that moderate and responsible shellfish breeding programs can play in the preservation and reconstitution of the marine resource as well as in the improvement of their incomes

Potential Analysis of Hydro Power Plants in Pesisir Barat District, Lampung Province

Hydropower plants are increasingly being heard nowadays, but the growth is still very lacking, especially for residents living in rural and coastal areas. At present several efforts have been made by the government, including the existence of a system of purchasing electricity from small-scale renewable energy generation and the construction of new transmission networks. Pesisir Barat Regency is part of the South Lampung region, Sumatra. This region has a population distribution in the coastal area and is surrounded by Bukit Barisan National Park. So that there are many large river streams that can be utilized by the local community. Large rivers have the potential to be utilized further as hydropower renewable energy sources. River potential is seen by conducting river location surveys, flow measurements and river heads and power calculations. Based on the analysis of measurement results there are two rivers that have the potential to be a micro or mini hydro generator; Way Laai and Way Lami. The maximum design discharge of Way Laai of 4.52 m3/s can produce a mechanical output power of 1223.82 kW with an effective head of 44.16 m. Way Lami with a design discharge of 5,336 m3/s, an effective head of 28.8 m has the potential to provide a mechanical power output of 942.23 kW. Sequentially, with this mechanical output power, the Way Laai and Way Lami rivers, can meet the electricity needs of the community with an installed power of 900VA as much as ± 1350, ± 25100 Houses

Potential Analysis of Hydro Power Plants in Pesisir Barat District, Lampung Province

Hydropower plants are increasingly being heard nowadays, but the growth is still very lacking, especially for residents living in rural and coastal areas. At present several efforts have been made by the government, including the existence of a system of purchasing electricity from small-scale renewable energy generation and the construction of new transmission networks. Pesisir Barat Regency is part of the South Lampung region, Sumatra. This region has a population distribution in the coastal area and is surrounded by Bukit Barisan National Park. So that there are many large river streams that can be utilized by the local community. Large rivers have the potential to be utilized further as hydropower renewable energy sources. River potential is seen by conducting river location surveys, flow measurements and river heads and power calculations. Based on the analysis of measurement results there are two rivers that have the potential to be a micro or mini hydro generator; Way Laai and Way Lami. The maximum design discharge of Way Laai of 4.52 m3/s can produce a mechanical output power of 1223.82 kW with an effective head of 44.16 m. Way Lami with a design discharge of 5,336 m3/s, an effective head of 28.8 m has the potential to provide a mechanical power output of 942.23 kW. Sequentially, with this mechanical output power, the Way Laai and Way Lami rivers, can meet the electricity needs of the community with an installed power of 900VA as much as ± 1350, ± 25100 Houses

The Carbon Conservation of Mangrove Ecosystem in Indonesia

The carbon conservation program in mangrove ecosystem shows the carbon sequestration and sinker which gives a positive impact for mangrove sustainability. The carbon conservation of mangrove ecosystem supports the growth of mangrove vegetation based on the carbon percent of mangrove stage consisting of mangrove seedling, sapling and mangrove trees. This paper aimed to analyze carbon percentage of mangrove ecosystem which is SNI 06 – 3730 – 1995 and TAPPI T 211 om 85 methods and to analysis mangrove clustering based on carbon percentage. The results showed that (1) Avicennia spp, Sonneratia spp, Bruguiera spp, Rhizophora spp, Aegiceras spp, Lumnitzera spp, Ceriop spp, Exoecaria agallocha and Xylocarpus granatum had carbon percentage between 45.01% - 55.54%; (2) the carbon percentage of the mangrove growth were seedling (16.3-21.2%), sapling (19.0 – 28.1%), trees with diameter 10 – 20 (38.1 – 46.3%), trees with diameter 20 – 30 cm (40.2 – 51.1 %) and trees with diameter 30 – 40 cm (49,1 – 55,2 %). The carbon conservation has a positive correlation with the ability of carbon sequestration and mangrove growth. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to UNSOED grant that supported this research

Distribution des larves de sardine et d'anchois le long du filament du Cap Ghir (région nord-ouest africaine)

L'une des caractéristiques des systèmes d'upwellings côtiers est la présence la présence de structures méso-échelles que la littérature appelle des "filaments d'upwelling", des extensions vers le large de masses d'eaux issues de l'upwelling. Ces filaments impactent la structure des communautés planctoniques, dont les larves de petits poissons pélagiques, considérées comme traceurs biologiques des filaments d’upwelling. Sur la côte Atlantique marocaine, le plus important de ces filaments est celui du Cap Ghir. Le présent travail présente une étude des caractéristiques hydrologiques et du plancton entreprise dans la région du Cap Ghir (31°N) à travers cinq campagnes océanographiques réalisées durant la période 2008-2009. L'analyse des mesures de température, salinité et de concentration de chlorophylle a montre une variabilité spatio-temporelle de la direction de la dérive des eaux d'upwelling vers le large, qui amène ces eaux alternativement au nord ou au sud du 31ème parallèle nord. Cette variabilité observée in situ, est confirmée par l'analyse des images satellites relatives aussi bien à la SST qu'à la couleur d'eau de mer. Sur le plan biologique, l'impact des filaments d'upwelling est étudié à travers la distribution des larves de sardines et d'anchois collectées dans la zone du Cap Ghir. Ainsi, la répartition des tailles moyennes pondérées de ces larves montre un transport vers le large selon un schéma de circulation vers le nord et le sud de la zone côtière d'upwelling